Mental disorders are a general term encompassing both organic and functional illnesses (note that this classification is relative; with advances in neuroimaging and other technologies, some functional mental disorders have been found to involve neurological pathology). Pathogenic factors include genetics, personality traits, organic pathology, and social environment. Typical clinical symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, affective dysregulation, and behavioral abnormalities. Common types include schizophrenia (for which genetic studies have revealed abnormalities in dopamine receptors) and manic-depressive disorder. Lack of self-control is a prominent feature of these disorders.
Affective disorders are characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood and are categorized as either unipolar or bipolar. Clinically, antipsychotics, lithium, and electroconvulsive therapy are used, with music therapy being used as an adjunct in the treatment of various mental disorders. Organic mental disorders are triggered by brain or physical illnesses and can include symptoms such as delirium and dementia. These disorders require treatment in combination with the underlying underlying disorder and supplemented with psychotropic medications. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment is often used to assess neuropsychiatric dysfunction (PND) after DBS surgery in Parkinson's disease. Currently, music therapy needs to strengthen research on its medium- and long-term efficacy and mechanisms of action. The development direction is to develop personalized programs and integrate multidisciplinary approaches based on brain science. The course of the disease is often recurrent, and prognosis is related to genetics, medication, and social rehabilitation measures.
Mental disorders are mental health problems that can lead to impairments in behavior, mood, and cognitive function, severely impacting a person's quality of life and functioning. The following are some common mental disorders:
- Depression:
Depression is a common mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, low energy, sleep problems, and self-denial. Severe depression can lead to suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
- Anxiety:
Anxiety is a mood disorder characterized by excessive worry, anxiety, fear, and tension. Patients may experience panic attacks and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
- Schizophrenia:
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and emotions, and disorganized speech and behavior. Patients often lose their ability to perceive reality, severely impacting their daily functioning.
- Bipolar Disorder:
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is characterized by significant mood swings, including extremes of depression and mania. Manic phases are characterized by high spirits and high energy, while depressive phases are characterized by severe sadness and helplessness.
- Borderline Personality Disorder:
BPD is a personality disorder characterized by emotional instability, identity confusion, impulsive behavior, and interpersonal relationship problems. Patients often experience extreme emotional and behavioral responses.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:
OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, obsessive thoughts and behaviors. Patients often feel unable to control their thoughts and behaviors, which can severely impact their quality of life.
- Food and Eating Disorders:
These include anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating-purging disorder. These disorders are characterized by excessive preoccupation with weight and shape, abnormal eating behaviors, and distorted body image, which can severely impact nutrition and health.
- Stress-Related Disorders:
Stress-related disorders are mental disorders caused by traumatic events. Patients may experience flashbacks, nightmares, and avoidance of trauma-related objects.
It's important to note that these mental disorders may be caused by a variety of biological, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Patients require prompt medical and psychological support, along with individualized treatment and recovery plans.