Gynecology is a discipline specializing in diseases of the female reproductive system.
It focuses on the physiological and pathological changes in women, including the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause. Due to the unique characteristics of their anatomy, women often face a variety of health issues, such as vaginitis, cervicitis, HPV infection, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and uterine fibroids. To prevent these gynecological problems, it is crucial to take good care of your health.
Physiological Foundations and Anatomy
- Female Reproductive System Structure: Understanding the basic structure and function of external and internal organs (vulva, vagina, uterus, ovaries, cervix, etc.) and clearly expressing the difference between "vagina" and "vulva" will help you accurately express and seek medical support.
- Vaginal Environment and Self-Purification: A healthy vagina is typically acidic (pH 3.8-4.5), maintained by lactobacilli, which protect against harmful bacteria. Candidal infections or bacterial vaginosis may occur when pH levels change (e.g., during sexual activity, menstruation, or antibiotic use).
Gynecological examinations are important
Regular gynecological examinations are essential for women. They not only prevent disease but also provide insights into their overall health. There are many types of clinical gynecological examinations, but common ones include:
1. Routine vaginal discharge examination. This is the most common gynecological examination. This involves collecting vaginal secretions and testing them to determine the cleanliness, pH, and vaginal microbiome, allowing for a preliminary assessment of vaginal inflammation.
2. Pap cytology. This is a cervical cancer screening method. It is generally recommended that patients undergo an annual Pap cytology test. By collecting cervical cells and performing a cytological analysis, it can determine if there are any abnormalities or precancerous lesions.
3. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing. This involves collecting cervical secretions and testing them to determine if a woman is infected with the virus.
Puberty and Menstrual Management
- Puberty Development: From breast development, body hair, and changes in body shape to the onset of menstruation, it is a key sign of reproductive maturity for girls.
- Menstrual Awareness: The menstrual cycle (usually 21-35 days) and the amount of menstrual flow are all within normal ranges. If dysmenorrhea severely impacts your daily life, consider the possibility of endometriosis or fibroids, and it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly.
- Sanitary Product Use: Use sanitary napkins, tampons, and menstrual cups correctly, change them frequently, and keep the vulva clean and dry to prevent infection.
Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Protective Measures
- Safe Sex and Contraception: Proper use of contraceptive measures, such as condoms (for both men and women), not only prevents pregnancy but also protects against sexually transmitted infections (STAs).
- Identifying Common STIs: HPV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and fungal infections are common pathogens. Prompt testing, treatment, and HPV vaccination are crucial for preventing cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is a common gynecological malignancy in women.
- Medical Communication Recommendations: STD testing is not mandatory—if testing is necessary, you should proactively request it. A Pap test is not equivalent to an STI test; the two serve different purposes.
When should you seek medical attention?
It is recommended to see a doctor promptly in the following situations:
1. Severe dysmenorrhea, abnormal menstrual flow, or irregular periods.
2. Abnormal discharge, odor, or itching may indicate infection.
3. Lumps, blisters, or pain in the vulva or vagina require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
4. Dyspareunia or discomfort during intercourse: Do not tolerate it; consult a doctor promptly.
5. Recurrent urinary tract infections, severe pelvic pain, or suspected sexual assault should prompt medical attention.