Normal menstruation is typically characterized by regular cycles, moderate duration, normal menstrual flow, normal color, and no significant discomfort.
Normal menstruation typically involves a cycle of 21-35 days, a period of 3-7 days, a menstrual flow of 20-80 ml, and no significant discomfort or abnormal bleeding. Determining whether menstruation is normal requires a comprehensive assessment of cycle regularity, duration, menstrual bleeding volume, and associated symptoms.
- Cycle Regularity
The menstrual cycle refers to the interval between the first days of menstruation and normally ranges from 21 to 35 days. Fluctuations within 7 days are considered normal. Cycles shorter than 21 days, longer than 35 days, or irregular cycles for several consecutive months may be associated with endocrine disorders or conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Temporary irregular cycles may occur in women after menarche and during perimenopause.
- Menstrual Duration
A normal menstrual period lasts 3-7 days. Bleeding for less than 3 days is considered oligomenorrhea, and bleeding for more than 7 days is considered prolonged menstruation. Conditions such as endometriosis and uterine fibroids may cause prolonged menstruation, while intrauterine adhesions and thyroid dysfunction may shorten it. Bleeding is typically heaviest on the second and third days of a period, gradually decreasing later in the cycle.
- Menstrual Blood Volume Assessment
A total menstrual blood loss of 20-80 ml is considered normal, requiring approximately 3-6 sanitary napkin changes per day without leakage. Excessive menstruation, characterized by hourly sanitary napkin changes or the passage of large blood clots, may be associated with adenomyosis or coagulation disorders; menorrhagia may indicate endometrial damage or ovarian dysfunction.
- Menstrual Blood Characteristics
Normal menstrual blood is dark red and slightly viscous, containing small amounts of endometrial debris. Bright red blood with large clots may indicate excessive bleeding, while light pink, thin blood may be associated with anemia or hormonal insufficiency. The presence of membrane-like tissue or abnormal discharge in menstrual blood should alert you to pathological changes.
- Associated Symptoms
Mild lower abdominal distension and lower back pain are physiological menstrual symptoms. If you experience severe dysmenorrhea, headaches, vomiting, fever, or intermenstrual bleeding, consider conditions such as endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Mild premenstrual breast tenderness is often related to hormonal fluctuations, while persistent, severe tenderness and pain warrant investigation for breast disease.
Women are advised to keep a menstrual diary to record changes in their cycle, menstrual flow, and symptoms, choose breathable hygiene products, and maintain perineal cleanliness. Avoid strenuous exercise and cold foods during menstruation, and supplement with iron-rich foods to prevent anemia. If you experience irregular periods for more than three months, sudden increases or decreases in menstrual flow, or severe pain, consult a doctor promptly for a gynecological examination, hormone testing, or ultrasound. Maintaining a regular sleep schedule and emotional stability can help maintain normal menstrual function.